The Unavoidable War – Berehove’s Battle (The Lost Lands #17)

Berehove in the southwestern extremity of Ukraine is a long way from anywhere. The nearest major European city is Budapest. Too bad for Berehove that it is cut off from it by the Hungary-Ukraine border. Berehove is 800 kilometers from Kyiv, home of the Ukrainian government which is the ultimate authority over the town. Kyiv must seem impossibly distant to the ethnic Hungarian population in Berehove. While Hungarians have a long and illustrious history across many regions and cities in Eastern Europe, Kyiv does not happen to be one of them. 

These days ethnic Hungarians in Berehove and Transcarpathia find themselves in a strange geopolitical netherworld. Their main source of support comes from Budapest, but they share in the plight of everyone in Ukraine. Because Ukraine is now under attack, so is its ethnic Hungarian population. Some might say that they have divided loyalties, other less diplomatic types would call them a potential fifth column. This is because they are supported by a Hungarian government which maintains a friendly relationship with the Russian government, and which is on tense terms with the Ukrainian one. I would say that the ethnic Hungarians in Berehove are caught in a difficult situation. They should be used to that by now, as should so many other Hungarians that live in the lost lands beyond Hungary. 

Standing guard – World War II memorial in Berehove (Credit: Богдан Репетило)

Downward Trend – An Intractable Issue
Developing an itinerary to visit the lost lands can be depressing. No matter where I decide to go, I am confronted with a version of the same story. One that is sadder than it is uplifting. Ethnic Hungarians in these regions are a dwindling proportion of the population. They are holdouts against demographic and geopolitical tides that have been going against them for over a century. The Hungarian presence in the lost lands is fated to a slow decline that looks inevitable. There will be Hungarians in these areas for centuries to come, but their numbers will be fewer and fewer. The countries in which they hold citizenship are not overly concerned with their plight. They never have been. Bad blood between Hungarians and the ethnic groups they once ruled over still surfaces from time to time. The media makes a great deal of these occurrences, as do politicians looking to stir up nationalism. This is a distraction from an important story that fails to get reported. A story that is simple. That makes it no less shocking.

Hungarians and the dominant ethnic groups of the nations in which they live are all in demographic decline. Birth rates in Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Ukraine are abysmal. The young head abroad in search of economic opportunities. Villages which were once the lifeblood of the region have been hollowed out by decades of migration. All these factors are enough to send anyone to the bottle. Many take advantage of that option. Homemade palinka (plum brandy) has been known to help alleviate stress. The only problem is the user wakes up the next morning suffering from the same problem, plus they have a headache. Contemplating the demographic decline could give anyone a raging headache without help from a bottle. It is an intractable issue that has been unsolvable. By the 1990’s, birth rates in Eastern Europe were in decline. They have never stopped. 

Lest anyone forgets – Monument to the victims of World War II and communism in Berehove (Credit: ЯдвигаВереск4)

Circular History – Vicious Cycles
Ethnic Hungarians and all the other ethnic groups (dominant or non-dominant) in Eastern Europe are caught in a vicious cycle. That will be old news to them. Sometimes the entire history of Eastern Europe seems like one long vicious cycle. The elusive search for economic prosperity, ethnic friction, wars that lead to greater upheavals, endemic corruption, vast inequality, these are long standing problems. The cliché that those who do not learn from history end up repeating it, does not really apply here. Eastern Europeans have repeated history once again, but many of them voted with their feet. Heading for greater opportunities in the rest of Europe. This is the same thing they did in the late 19th and early 20^th century when they migrated by the millions to North America. Heading abroad acts as an escape hatch from troubles at home. This also starves the region of its best and brightest. For Hungarians in the lost lands, migration starves their communities of its most invaluable resource, ethnic kin. If all this was not enough, ethnic Hungarians in Ukraine have a war to worry about as well.

Ukraine has never been in the news as much as it has over the past 800 days. This is for all the wrong reasons. Russia’s unprovoked invasion has brought genocidal violence and horrific levels of suffering to much of the country. Every city, town, and village in Ukraine has been affected in some manner. This demonstrated how expansive and unyielding the war has been. Ukraine is the largest country entirely inside of Europe, a nation larger than France. And yet there is not a single place in Ukraine that has managed to escape the war. No matter how far from the front lines, the war’s effect can be felt. There is nowhere in Ukraine more remote from the front lines and far-flung aerial bombardments than Zakarpattia Oblast, a forgotten corner of the country that shelters in the shadow of the Carpathian Mountains. If Zakarpattia is forgotten, then Berehove is downright obscure.

Witness to history – Elderly Woman in Berehove (Credit: Adam Jones)

Under Fire – War Changes Everything
The inhabitants of Berehove, the largest majority Hungarian town in Ukraine, have reason to fear war as much as anyone. War has been unkind to ethnic Hungarians in Transcarpathia. World War I resulted in the region being taken from Hungary and becoming part of Czechoslovakia. In the leadup to the Second World War, Hungary regained control of Transcarpathia. This was a twofold disaster for those who identified as Hungarians in Berehove. First, the Hungarian speaking Jewish population were departed to death camps after the German Army occupied Hungary in the spring of 1944. An entire culture and thousands along with it were destroyed in a matter of months. Then the Soviet Red Army roared into the area later that same year. They raped, murdered, or deported for slave labor thousands of ethnic Hungarians. This history left permanent scars on the population. Now another large war consumes Ukraine and is making its presence felt in Transcarpathia.

Coming soon: A Dangerous Game – Berehove, Transcarpathia & Russia’s War In Ukraine (The Lost Lands #18)

On The Outside Looking In – Hungarians in Berehove (The Lost Lands #16)

You know your life is beyond bizarre when you are up at two a.m. studying articles from the Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye. This lapse into madness has been a long time coming. It all started thirty years ago in my high school library when I pulled the first volume of the Marshall Cavendish Encyclopedia of World War I. Since then, I have been on a journey to the remotest reaches of the war to end all wars. The war has never ended for me. There are so many fascinating aspects to it, that I find myself coming back for more. Studying the lesser-known aspects of the war has helped in the development of my travel itinerary for the lost lands beyond Hungary’s borders. There would be no lost lands to discover without the war and its chaotic aftermath.

The war was cause and consequence of the treaty making process which led to conflicts and controversies that continue up through the present. The war’s scale and profound influence on the future of Europe was so vast that even a work as thorough as the Marshall Cavendish Encyclopedia (12 volumes/3,628 pages) cannot cover it all. Plenty of important stories get left out. One of these is the destiny of Berehove’s ethnic Hungarian community. Its fate was decided in September 1919, nine months before the Treaty of Trianon was signed.

Facing the past – Lajos Kossuth bust in Berehove (Credit: ЯдвигаВереск)

The Wrong Side – Switched At Birth
My travels in the lost lands beyond Hungary’s borders center around the Treaty of Trianon which resulted in Hungary losing two-thirds of its land and sixty percent of the pre-World War I population. Trianon has been a rallying cry for disaffected Hungarians ever since the treaty was signed on June 4, 1920. I have heard so much about Trianon, that I identify all lands populated by ethnic Hungarians outside the borders of present-day Hungary with the treaty. To my surprise, Berehove, the largest town in Ukraine with an ethnic Hungarian majority and the surrounding region of Transcarpathia, were lost through another treaty. The negotiators were determined to dismember the lands that historically had been part of Hungary, even when it came through a different treaty than Trianon. Transcarpathia was given to the newly formed state of Czechoslovakia through the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye despite the region have very few Czechs and a minority of Slovaks.

Ethnic Hungarians, such as the ones in Berehove, found themselves outside the borders of Hungary. In Berehove’s case, the Hungarian border could be reached by train in a matter of minutes and on foot in less than an hour. This did not matter because those who lived in the town were now part of Czechoslovakia. Berehove’s large Hungarian speaking Jewish population found themselves in the same position. Proximity to the Hungarian border did not matter. Berehove was 850 kilometers from Prague, the capital of Czechoslovakia. The town was only 330 kilometers from Budapest. The lines drawn at the Paris Peace Conference did not make such distinctions. Transcarpathia is now part of Ukraine, but the connection between Berehove and Hungary continues today. Being on the wrong side of the border has served to reinforce this connection.

Dueling identities – Bilingual signage in Berehove (Credit: Mitte27)

Afterthought – A Forgotten Tragedy
Today, the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye is an afterthought. Its importance gets lost in the long shadow of the Treaty of Versailles. The most important aspects of the treaty included the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, Austria losing 60% percent of its prewar territory, and the creation of Czechoslovakia. Plenty of people are familiar with Czechoslovakia as a unifying force for Czechs and Slovaks. Often forgotten is its easternmost region, which it held from 1919 to 1938. Article 53 of the treaty granted the Carpathian Ruthenians autonomous status. Placing the land in which they resided under Czechoslovakia kept it away from Hungary. This marginalized the ethnic Hungarian population in the region. This did not sit well with them.  The Hungarians of Transcarpathia were fortunate in at least one respect. The region would be governed by the most organized of the nations created in the aftermath of World War I. Czechoslovakia was a well-run democracy. That ended up not mattering with the rise of Nazism in Germany. Hungary would get the territory back in 1938 and then lose it again in 1944. These geopolitical machinations came at the expense of the region’s inhabitants. Berehove could not escape from a tragic fate.

Berehove is the proverbial small fish in a big sea.  It is a mid-sized town that represents the ethnic Hungarian population in Ukraine. Berehove is a tenuous foothold that continues to slowly slip away as the population dwindles. For ethnic Hungarians, the demographics are dire in Transcarpathia. The last census in Ukraine took place in 2001. At that time, there were 150,000 Hungarians. The number is estimated to be just half that in 2024. There are several reasons for this. The Hungarian government began issuing passports to their ethnic kin in the region. These are an economic lifeline for those looking to earn a better living. Leaving the region for economic opportunity has become a rite of passage. The Ukraine-Russia war has only served to reinforce this trend. The population decline has occurred despite the Hungarian government providing 115 million euros ($125 million) in funding for education and cultural preservation in the region. Berehove has been the epicenter of those efforts. The financial support is being done to keep the Hungarian presence alive in Transcarpathia, a region where they have been for 1,100 years.

Monumental memory – Hungarian hero Ferenc Rakoczi II on horseback in Berehove
(Credit: Mitte27)

Taking Leave – Money Matters
Berehove’s ethnic Hungarian community is no stranger to tough times. That has been the case since 1919. The town’s ethnic Hungarians faced much worse in the past and managed to survive. The problem now is that there is very little growth potential for the population. The current Hungarian government’s policy is contradictory. They issue passports which act as an inducement for ethnic Hungarians to work abroad. At the same time, their spending is supposed to boost the Hungarian presence in the region. The government is not going to change its policies and those leaving are not likely to come back except for a visit. This further hollows out the population. Supporting Berehove is a worthy pursuit, but many ethnic Hungarians will not be around to enjoy it.  

Click here for: The Unavoidable War – Berehove’s Battle (The Lost Lands #17)

It’s Never Easy – Railroads & Backroads to Berehove (The Lost Lands #15)

Berehove is on very few radars. Neither is the southwestern extremity of Ukraine. In a country fighting the largest war in Europe since 1945, Berehove and the surrounding region barely warrants a mention. Prior to the war, those traveling through the area were likely to bypass Berehove on their way to Uzhhorod (Ungvar) or Mukachevo (Munkacs). The former attracted visitors with its architecture and atmosphere reminiscent of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The latter with its famous hilltop castle looming above the town. Some of the visitors included Hungarians in pursuit of their past. Berehove might not measure up to the standards of mainstream tourism, but the Hungarian government has had Berehove on its mind since coming to power in 2010. The idea of Greater Hungary is one of its motivating forces. That idea neither started with them, nor is that where it will end. It has been over a hundred years in the making.

The lands beyond Hungary’s borders lost due to the Treaty of Trianon have a magnetic attraction for Hungarians. This is just as true with obscure provincial areas as it is with more famous ones such as Transylvania. While these places are part of what is known as Historic Hungary, that history is about both the past and present. Keeping marginal Hungarian communities beyond the border alive has been a keystone of Hungarian government policy. Berehove has been one of the main beneficiaries of this effort. I put Berehove on my itinerary for the lost lands to understand what has been done.

Port of entry – Berehove city limit sign (Credit: Rovas Alapitvany)

Constricted Flow – Erring on the Side of Corruption
I thought Satu Mare, the first stop on my itinerary was off the beaten path, then I began to map a journey to Berehove. This took obscurity to a whole new level. Getting there is not an easy task, no matter from which direction you come. This is often the case in the lost lands of Historic Hungary where transport connections were severed after World War I. Border control crimped the flow of people and commerce. This situation was exacerbated by another adjustment in the borders following World War II, Berehove became part of the Soviet Union as the region was assimilated into that sprawling empire. Transcarpathia had been a backwater whether it was part of Austria-Hungary, Czechoslovakia, or Hungary. Becoming part of the Soviet Union left Berehove on its remotest frontier yet. The town was the same distance from Amsterdam as it was to Moscow. The Cold war and mutual suspicion from Eastern Bloc allies meant that Berehove was off limits to neighboring countries. Crossing borders was an arduous process.

The Soviet Union sometimes trusted allies less than they did western countries. Traveling back and forth to visit ethnic brethren was unheard of. Communists were always on the lookout for ethnic unrest and fifth columns. The two were viewed as synonymous.  After the collapse of communism, borders reopened, but infrastructure improvements were slow in coming or nonexistent. Restrictions on travel vanished, but getting from one place to the next was an adventure. It still is. Romania made more strides than Ukraine. Joining the European Union unlocked funding to improve infrastructure. Unfortunately, it did not stop the rot of corruption. The same was true in Ukraine. If anything, corruption was worse and funding for infrastructure commonly was stolen, wasted, or given as kickbacks. The upshot was that places like Berehove are left stranded. Its place in Europe might best be described as neither here nor there. 

Life on the edge – Countryside near Berehove (Credit: Adam Jones)

Roundabouts – Logistical Concerns
The shortest way between two points is a straight line. Borders are never straight in Eastern Europe. Whether they are natural or manmade does not matter, anytime a border is involved for travel the situation gets convoluted. When it comes to borders in the lost lands, there is no easy way in, nor is there an easy way out. I learned this while planning my initial itinerary for the lost cities. The logistics to get from Uzhhorod, Ukraine to Oradea, Romania were positively byzantine. The Ukraine – Romania border, past and present, did not help matters. I was reminded that the two countries had not so long ago been the Soviet Union and Ceausescu era Romania. There had been no love lost between the two back then. Facilitating cross-border connection was nearly impossible for decades. Progress has been made since then, but the border is still not easy to cross. Other issues include the non-European Union status of Ukraine, and existing transport networks. A direct route does not exist. In sum, there was no easy way of traveling between the two cities. I opted to slip into eastern Hungary and make my way to Oradea from there. That was the first time I opted for a third country as the go between.

For my trip to Berehove, the question is how to do this in the most efficient manner possible, Efficiency is not something either Romania or Ukraine is known for. That is especially true when it comes to transport infrastructure. I am pleasantly surprised to find that the journey can be done in two and a half hours. Of course, nothing is ever as easy as it seems when it comes to travel in this region. That old cliché that “if it sounds too good to be true, then it probably is” describes the best travel option. The journey will require taking two trains with a car ride sandwiched between them. The rail journeys are rather easy, at least on paper. Romania’s railways have never been known for their timeliness. The car ride presents the most potential difficulties. It entails crossing the border. I might as well go ahead and budget in at least an extra hour for this trip.

Getting there – Horse drawn wagon cart in Berehove (Credit: Adam Jones)

Slow Ride – A Relaxed Pace
I must admit the logistics of this journey seem much easier than I expected. That is due to the relative proximity of Satu Mare and Berehove. The main problem is obvious. Each place being on a different side of the border will result in delays. That could turn out to be a blessing in disguise. As it will prepare me for Berehove, a provincial town that offers a more relaxed way of life. There will still be tension in Berehove. There has been ever since another post-World War I treaty was signed. Surprisingly, it was not the Treaty of Trianon. 

Click here for: On The Outside Looking In – Hungarians in Berehove (The Lost Lands #16)

Dreams & Nightmares – The Journey To Berehove (The Lost Lands #14)

The phrase “war and peace” is synonymous with Leo Tolstoy’s novel of the same name. How could it not be? Much of the novel centers around Napoleon’s invasion of Russia. I have tried to read the book in its entirety and never made it very far. I am one of many who have been defeated by the book’s breadth and depth. Perhaps it is time for another reading of war and peace, but this one need not be fictionalized. Instead, the war and peace I am thinking of is non-fictional in nature. The setting is the Transcarpathian region of Ukraine.

The time frame is expansive, stretching from the early 20^th century through the present. It involves a Hungarian community that goes from being at the pinnacle of the region’s power structure to an oppressed minority facing potential extinction. Oppression has ebbed over the past thirty years, but the threat of extinction still looms. The situation for Hungarians in Ukraine can best be understood in the town of Berehove (Beregszaz). Half the town’s population (24,000) consists of ethnic Hungarians. Their story – past and present – is dramatic, depressing, and strangely inspiring. It shows just how strong the survival instinct is for a marginalized community in a marginal area.

Waiting game – Berehove’s Railway Station (Credit: Mitte27)

Turning Away – Their Backs To The Mountains
I just might be the only person in the world who longs to travel from Satu Mare in Romania to Berehove in Ukraine. I am turning away from the obvious for the next stop on my itinerary for the lost lands beyond the borders of Hungary. The title for one of the best histories covering Transcarpathia, Paul Robert Magocsi’s “With Their Back to the Mountains” could be the theme for this journey. Ukrainians see the region as a land beyond the Carpathians (Transcarpathia), while Hungarians see it as at the foot of the mountains (Subcarpathia). Either way, it is on the fringes of historic Hungarian lands and present-day Ukraine. Opposites have attracted here. Zakarpattia Oblast, the county in which Berehove is located, happens to be one of the poorest in Ukraine. What it lacks in monetary wealth, Zakarpattia makes up for with natural beauty, rolling hills, clear streams, and mountainous landscapes. The natural landscape is like something out of a dream. The human one had nightmares.

The region is a fascinating throwback to a Europe that has almost totally vanished. It is a crossroads for Ukrainians, Hungarians, Rusyns, Romanians, and Slovakia. This is the kind of ethnic and cultural complexity that was once a hallmark of Eastern and Central Europe before two World Wars, genocide, and ethnic cleansing, altered the course of human diversity. Many others have either been forced or voluntarily fled from Zakarpattia. Running for their lives or the promise of prosperity further to the west. My plan is to head in the opposite direction. Moving towards the darkness and running from the light. The idea of traveling from Satu Mare to Berehove fills me with excitement. I am quite certain that a trip between a mid-size provincial city on the northwestern edge of Romania to an oversized town on the southwestern fringe of Ukraine is no one else’s idea of fun. Perhaps that is why it appeals to me.

The golden age – Early 20th century postcard of Berehove (Beregszdsz)

The Contrarian – Going Against The Rules
Being a contrarian has its pleasures. Berehove knows this all too well.  It does not follow the rules that govern present day Eastern Europe or Ukraine. The town is only five kilometers away from the European Union, but it seems much further. The Ukraine-Russia War has affected the town, just not in the way most would imagine. Air raid sirens blare much less frequently than they do in other parts of Ukraine. Berehove has never come close to being struck by a Russian aerial attack. It has never even been targeted. As a matter of fact, only one missile has fallen in Zakarpattia Oblast since the war began over 800 days ago. Transcarpthia goes against the prevailing trends. Considering its recent past, the region deserves a break. And yet it could not escape the vicissitudes of history. In this region, the past has been unkind. History is a great teacher, but in Transcarpathia it killed innumerable students.

Both Satu Mare and Berehove were in the line of fire throughout the 20^th century. They experienced some of the worst excesses of the World Wars. Suffering many of those excesses were ethnic Hungarians. They went from being the oppressor to the oppressed and back again on two separate occasions. Civilians were less safe than soldiers. Rape, pillage, deportation, and death were common, Those Hungarians who still live in Satu Mare and Berehove either have direct experience from that time or are the ancestors of those who did. Their survival and staying power are an incredible accomplishment considering what they suffered. Miracles do happen. They can be found walking up and down the streets in Berehove speaking Hungarian. Survival is the way to defeat death and destroyers of the world. But just because they survived, does not mean they did not suffer the unspeakable. Others were not so lucky. Prior to the Holocaust, Berehove was home to 8,000 Jews. Only four returned from the death camps. Their vibrant culture vanished along with them.

On the move – Street scene in Berehove (Credit: Adam Jones)

Crossroads– Headed In Both Directions
Now that the whirlwind of 20^th century history has passed, everyone in the region should be able to breathe a sigh of relief. That’s the case in Satu Mare, but not in Berehove. Hungarians in Ukraine have a tenuous foothold. With one eye they look towards the Hungarian border, a mere five kilometers from their doorsteps. With the other eye, they look warily to Ukraine which they have been part of since 1991. These ethnic Hungarians are torn between two countries. One that provides passports and offers an opportunity to work in the European Union. Another that is involved in the worst European war since 1945.

The Hungarians in Berehove and the rest of Transcarpathia know from experience how war threatens them. World War II had catastrophic consequences for the community. The Ukraine-Russia War could lead in that same direction. Their future in the area is murky, but it has been that way for over a century. Despite all the changes in Berehove since the turn of the 20^th century, one thing remains the same. The Hungarian community is still holding on against the odds. How much longer is an open question. By going there, I hope to find some of the answers.

Click here for: It’s Never Easy – Railroads & Backroads to Berehove (The Lost Lands #15)

Seeds of Separation – From Szatmar To Satu Mare (The Lost Lands #13)

The more I learned about Satu Mare in the 20^th century, the more I believed it had suffered from a terrible run of luck. The dreadful situation Satu Mare found itself in on multiple occasions seemed unique. Surely this was the only time in Satu Mare’s history that it found itself repeatedly in the crosshairs of history. When I took a deeper dive into the city’s history, I discovered that Satu Mare had been through other tumultuous times, one of which occurred with alarming frequency. Learning this taught me just how much upheaval can be found in history if you are willing to dig deep enough.

Szatmar Castle – Island fortress

Invasive Species – Wave After Wave
The violence and chaos that occurred in Satu Mare from 1918 to 1945 was exceptional, but not unprecedented. There have been other calamitous times in the city’s history. In some of those cases Satu Mare was the target, rather than collateral damage. Invasions led to devastation and occupation. Such cases are not well known for a simple reason, they occurred hundreds of years ago and are obscured by more recent cataclysms. Satu Mare’s deeper past led me to wonder why it was prone to upheaval on numerous occasions. First and foremost, the city is not unique in the annals of Eastern European history. The region has suffered wave after wave of invasions by outside forces attempting to assert control. The invaders had a habit of sweeping all that stood before them. The Hungarians were successful in doing this at the end of the 9^th century. Three and a half centuries later, they were on the receiving end of another rampaging horde.

The Mongol Invasion in 1241-1242 stormed across Hungary, killing half the population. Along the way it obliterated Satu Mare. This was the beginning of a recurring trend, where Satu Mare (then known as Szatmar) was threatened by invaders from all points of the compass. Germans from the north and west, the Ottoman Turks from the south, and Soviets from the east. Satu Mare, much like the rest of Eastern Europe, does not have easily defensible frontiers. This leaves it open to attack. The Carpathian Basin is exposed from all sides. In military terms, it is always best to hold high ground. Those who inhabit basins are at a disadvantage. Armies have repeatedly found Satu Mare a target too good to pass up.

Satu Mare also suffered at the hands of invaders due to its location on a regional fault line during the 16^th and 17^th centuries. The city was located at a tripoint where the border of Royal (Habsburg) Hungary, Transylvania, and Ottoman occupied Hungary collided. This fact has been lost to all but history. So much time has passed since then that it is easy to forget just how violent these borderlands were four hundred years ago. The border between the Ottoman occupied areas and Hungary-Croatia stretched for a thousand kilometers. A vast and lawless no man’s land where banditry, massacres, and slave raiding were rife. Skirmishes, battles, and full-scale wars were fought along the border. These bitter struggles were marked by depopulation and despoliation of the landscape.

Keeping the powder dry – Szatmar Castle

Collision Course – Szatmar Castle
For any place to have a chance of survival in such a brutal environment it had to be heavily fortified. Satu Mare used to have one of the strongest castles in Eastern Europe. The reputation of Szatmar Castle is such that even today, it warrants numerous mentions in Hungarian museums. For the longest time, I wondered where Szatmar Castle was located and if it could be visited. That is impossible since it was destroyed in the early 18^th century. What a sight Szatmar Castle must have been. The castle was surrounded on several sides by the Somos (Szatmar) River. The marshy terrain and stout defensive works made it extremely difficult for enemy armies to take it. That never stopped them from trying to subdue it on multiple occasions. Those efforts sometimes met with success. The prize of holding such a strongly fortified work at an important strategic junction made it worth an attempt. This was an opportunity few armies could pass up.

During the 16^th and 17^th centuries, Hungary was caught in a life-or-death struggle for its existence not only with the Ottoman Turks, but also the Habsburgs who took it upon themselves to help Hungary’s cause by taking a large swath of it under their control. The three-way fight between Hungarians, Habsburgs (with a sizable proportion of Hungarians aligned with them), and the Turks put Szatmar Castle at the center of the military fight for supremacy. Though west of the Carpathians, Szatmar Castle guarded the entrance to Transylvania which was autonomous during this time. Battles for the castle ensued between the Habsburgs, Turks, and Hungarians (both from Upper Hungary and Transylvania). It was also of prime economic importance because the lucrative salt trade from the nearby mine at Deskana flowed through Szatmar.

Military forces clashed multiple times as they battled to take the stronghold. The most intense period occurred from 1645 to 1691. On at least nine occasions Hungarian, Turkish, Habsburg, and Polish military forces were involved in attacks on Szatmar Castle. The castle changed hands five times during that period. Only when the Habsburgs emerged as the final victors in the early 18^th century did Szatmar find peace. By that time, tens of thousands had lost their lives. The 20^th century was a terrible time for Satu Mare, the latter half of the 17^th century matched it.

Minaret mimic – Fire tower in Satu Mare (Credit: Zsolt Balog)

Staking Claims – Depopulation & Repopulation
Hungarian territory was so depopulated by perpetual warfare during the Ottoman occupation (1526 – 1686) that after it was reconquered, the Habsburgs settled Swabians, Serbs, Slovaks, and Romanians throughout the Kingdom of Hungary. The percentage of Hungarians compared to other ethnic groups was irreparably altered. This would come back to haunt Hungary in the Treaty of Trianon when those groups were able to claim a share of Hungarian territory. The seeds of separation for the lost lands of historic Hungary were sown by the interminable fighting over places like Szatmar. Hundreds of thousands of Hungarians died fighting for their soil in the 16^th and 17^th century. The upshot was that in the 20^th century other ethnic groups would take it. This history goes some way in explaining how Szatmar became Satu Mare.

Click here for: Dreams & Nightmares – The Journey To Berehove (The Lost Lands #14)

Extreme Turbulence – Satu Mare’s Tumultuous Past (The Lost Lands #12)

When I started researching the Treaty of Trianon’s effect on Satu Mare, it felt like I had inadvertently opened a pandora’s box of problems. Trianon was bad for the city, but so were many other things during the first half of the 20^th century. Satu Mare was affected by numerous catastrophes between the end of the First and Second World Wars. Invasions, occupations, communism, fascism, toxic nationalism, shifting borders, vanished empires, Hungarian, Romanian, German, and Soviet Armies. The city kept switching hands. From the Austro-Hungarian Empire to Hungary to Romania, then back to Hungary, and finally part of Romania, Satu Mare was handed back and forth. At times, it was a chip between demagogues and dictatorships. The situation in Satu Mare went from bad to worse to awful between 1918 and 1945.

After World War II, the city’s shifting geopolitical fortunes finally settled down. Unfortunately, communist Romania was not any kinder to the citizens of Satu Mare. Ethnic Hungarians were not trusted and treated in discriminatory fashion. The regime flooded the citizens with Romanians, but they did not fare much better. The Ceausescu government held all of Romania’s citizens in contempt and treated them with utter disdain. The apparatchiks and security services made out like bandits at the expense of everyone else.

Survivor – Satu Mare

Holding Pattern – Murmurs of Discontent
With the collapse of communism in Romania at the end of 1989, it looked like Satu Mare’s fortunes would finally take a turn for the better. The city had weathered extreme turbulence for seventy-one years. Perhaps it could now enjoy a bit of prosperity. Many of its citizens did this by migrating abroad.  The opening of Romania’s borders sent thousands of Satu Mare’s citizens fleeing westward in search of better job prospects. Between 1992 and 2021, Satu Mare lost 40,000 people. Joining the European Union in 2007 did not stem the flow of outward migration. Since then, Satu Mare has lost 17,000 of those 40,000. The phrase, “cannot win for losing comes to mind” when considering the past one hundred years in Satu Mare.

The conflicts and consternation of the 20^th century have left deep scars. Judging by past performance, who would dare think Satu Mare might get better. The best that can be said is the situation in Satu Mare has stabilized. It is neither poor nor prosperous. Economically the city is stuck in between. This holding pattern presents an upgrade from past experiences.
While researching the city, I began to wonder how any place could have survived all the cataclysms that struck it. I have seen this film before in other parts of Eastern Europe and it still manages to frighten.

Repeat performances do not make it any easier to contemplate. I have spent time in many Romanian cities asking myself how those horrors could happen in the place where I was standing. One of the most unsettling experiences is to be in a city where the people are going about their daily routines without so much as a murmur of discontent, then to think about how it was radically different only a few generations ago. Normalcy feels like a success in such places. The people might not be rich, and they might not be poor, but they are now able to earn a livelihood without fear of recrimination or reprisals from their government. Daily life may be dull, but that dullness is liberation from the past.

Daily reminder – Administrative Palace in Satu Mare built during the Ceausescu era
(Credit: Andrasfi1027)

Scripted – Role Playing Games
It has often been said that people can get used to anything, but I am not so sure anyone in Satu Mare ever got used to the continual geopolitical upheaval that befell the city. I imagine that many tried to get on with life and ignore politics. The problem was that they might not have been interested in politics, but politics was interested in them.  The amount of contortions a citizen of Satu Mare did to avoid being on the wrong side defied the laws of physics. To say the situation was fluid in Satu Mare for almost thirty years states the obvious. How did people manage to survive among so much tumult? They had to be extremely clever or conniving, very lucky or totally anonymous.

War was a different matter altogether. Impossible to ignore because of its lethality. Interestingly, war in Satu Mare did not always mean shots were fired. War might mean being targeted for one’s ethnicity, class, political affiliation, or religion. Depending on the period, being a Hungarian, Romanian, German, or Jew made you a live target. Being an aristocrat, fascist, socialist, or communist was the same. Definitions of who was an enemy of the state changed along with regimes. The insanity of it all meant just minding your own business could make you a target.

Everyone was given a label. This was also true during the Austro-Hungarian Empire, but the outcomes were rarely lethal. Neither were they done to destroy livelihoods. All of that changed after the First World War and the postwar peace process. Trianon was an agent of change that exacerbated matters. Division along ethnic lines pulled people even further apart then they were in Austria-Hungary. Divide and conquer, then subdivide and conquer again and again. The interesting thing is that whatever the regime, the same thing kept happening. The German Jewish Philosopher Hannah Arendt was right when she identified that Nazism and Stalinism were more alike than they were different. Satu Mare suffered at the hands of similar offenders. The ideologies changed, but the script stayed the same. 

Normal upbringing – City center of Satu Mare (Szatmarnemeti) in 1907 (Credit: Fortepan)

Radical & Benign – The Real Revolution
Those who were savvy or malevolent switched from one side to the other when regimes changed. This phenomenon was reminiscent of the famous quote in Giuseppe Di Lampedusa’s novel, The Leopard, “Things will have to change in order that they remain the same.” And that is exactly what happened again and again until the cycle was broken. The only truly radical change in Satu Mare was one that in retrospect seems to be the most benign. This was the post-communist period that started at the end of 1989 when Satu Mare began its move towards relative normalcy. It was the first time since 1914 that a sense of moderation returned. The worst was over, but Satu Mare’s deeper history demonstrates that the city has suffered through terrible periods of warfare and calamity prior to the 20^th century.

Coming soon: The violence and chaos that occurred in Satu Mare from 1918 to 1945 was exceptional, but not unprecedented. There have been other calamitous times in the city’s history. In some of those cases Satu Mare was the target, rather than collateral damage. Invasions led to devastation and occupation. Such cases are not well known for a simple reason, they occurred hundreds of years ago and are obscured by more recent cataclysms. Satu Mare’s deeper past led me to wonder why it was prone to upheaval on numerous occasions. First and foremost, the city is not unique in the annals of Eastern European history. The region has suffered wave after wave of invasions by outside forces attempting to assert control. The invaders had a habit of sweeping all that stood before them. The Hungarians were successful in doing this at the end of the 9^th century. Three and a half centuries later, they were on the receiving end of another rampaging horde.

Click here for: Seeds of Separation – From Szatmar To Satu Mare (The Lost Lands #13)

Losing Proposition – A Sense of Dread In Satu Mare (The Lost Lands #10)

When I locate Satu Mare on the map I get a vaguely ominous feeling. A dark premonition that something terrible has happened there. I guess you could say that about any place in Eastern Europe from 1914 – 1989. So many bad things happened in this part of Europe that the region’s reputation precedes itself. While traveling through villages, towns, and cities in the region, I have often looked at older people and wondered what horrors they witnessed, what suffering they must have endured, what survival mechanisms kept them alive. There were few worse places to be in the world during the 20^th century. World Wars I and II, along with their aftermath, were an extremely lethal time. Satu Mare was in the eye of the storm multiple times. Amid the violence, the Treaty of Trianon and concept of the lost land beyond Hungary’s borders looks mild by comparison. That is deceptive. Trianon stirred conflict and hatred that was among the forces that led to deadly conflict. Those times have now passed, but the memory and legacy of them remains strong.

Before the storm – Synagogue in Satu Mare early 20th century
(Credit: Brück & Sohn Kunstverlag Meißen)

Shared Suffering – A Not So Distant Past
When I first began travelling to Eastern Europe a decade ago, it was not uncommon for family, friends, and other acquaintances to ask me if it was safe to travel there. I would respond by saying that it was much safer than America or western Europe. I often added that they should go for a visit to see for themselves. This suggestion elicited looks of concern. The conversation would usually move on to other topics after that. I found it easy to understand why they were concerned. Their opinion of the region was grounded in relatively recent history. The Cold War, and prior to that the World Wars. To allay concerns about traveling to the region, perhaps I should have mentioned that Eastern Europe was certainly safer than it was from 1914 – 1989.  An unimaginable succession of horrors took place in every country. Eastern Europe has this period to thank for its less than savory reputation today.

I am not immune from having my opinion about the region affected by its 20^th century history. I find it insanely fascinating and terribly frightening.  Even I still wonder from time to time what unspoken horrors might still be lurking in the region. The Ukraine-Russia war confirmed some of these fears. Nevertheless, the region today is incredibly peaceful by 20^th century standards. Crime rates are low, except for corruption which continues to plague the region. It was a different story in the not-so-distant past, where when things went bad, they only seemed to get worse. Romania had some of the worst experiences. As did Hungary and Austria-Hungary. On a much smaller level, Satu Mare suffered multiple tragedies. Whomever held Satu Mare or Szatmárnémeti got more than they bargained for.

Making a historic stand – Synagogue in Satu Mare (Credit: Vyografu)

The Wrong Place – The Wrong Time
Ethnic cleansing, the Holocaust, invasions, and military occupations, Satu Mare experienced the worst aspects of humanity.  In that respect, Satu Mare is no different than many other places in the hinterlands of Eastern Europe. Scratch beneath the surface in these lands and a tragedy begins to unfold. Losing the lands of Historic Hungary is considered a tragedy by Hungarians. The Romanians who gained them had cause for celebration at the time. The backlash for both sides was soon to come. But what about those caught in the middle of this geopolitical tug of war. Those were the Jews of Satu Mare. They lost something infinitely more valuable than their lands. They lost their lives.

In one of the most insidious ironies of the Holocaust, the Jews of Satu Mare were latecomers to the Holocaust. The clock was turned back twenty years when the Second Vienna Award in 1940, arbitrated by Nazi Germany, gave Satu Mare (and northern Transylvania) back to Hungary. Overnight, Satu Mare was turned back into Szatmárnémeti once again. Population exchanges between Hungary and Romania ensued. The city’s ethnic composition was recalibrated to what it was in 1910 (90% Hungarian and 6% Romanian). The two ethnic groups were headed in different directions, albeit temporarily. They were placed in their own separate spheres of influence. This was the preferred way to keep Hungarians and Romanians at arm’s length. They were divided and left in relative isolation from one another, Even then, it was still too close for comfort. 

Looking back – Group of Jewish friends in Satu Mare in the early 20th century
(Credit: Memorial Book of the Jews of Satmar)

Conflicted Interests – The Slow Track To Oblivion
As for the Jews of Satu Mare, they found themselves protected from the worst excesses of the Holocaust for most of World War II. Hungary kept control of the lands they ruled for much of the war. The 12,360 Jews (24% of the population) in Satu Mare, a quarter of the city’s population, were relatively safe for the time being. At the same time, they were on the slow track to oblivion. This could not have been lost on some of them who had lived through the interwar period. Hungary’s defeat in World War I and the chaotic aftermath changed everything. Hungarian Jews had been the focus of discriminatory laws since 1920.

Long before the Nuremberg Laws, the Numerus clausus in Hungary was the first interwar law in Europe limiting the number of minorities in the professional classes. Though the law did not explicitly state Jews, that was who the law was aimed at. The harsh terms inflicted by the Treaty of Trianon on Hungary played a part in the discrimination suffered by Jews. Many in Hungary blamed the Jews for the calamity of the communist government which took power in 1919. It was led by Bela Kun, who was Jewish, as were over half of the Soviet commissars in his Hungarian government. When Kun’s government was toppled after less than six months, the counter-revolution was swift and brutal with Jews being among the most prominent targets of the nationalists. This was a preview of the Holocaust to come in Hungary, the lost lands, and Satu Mare.

Click here for: Ghosts In The Darkness – The Jews of Satu Mare (The Lost Lands #11)

Following The Bouncing Ball – Rediscovering Satu Mare (The Lost Lands #9)

Satu Mare (Szatmárnémeti) is only anonymous to those who have not been there. I discovered this while researching my itinerary for the lost lands beyond Hungary’s borders. I went looking for the legacy of Trianon and instead found reminders that familiar things are much closer than they seem. Sometimes the familiar appear as unexpected guests. Like a bit of latent magic, I discovered connections to the city while filtering faces and names through my memory. Trianon would have to wait, first I had to follow a bouncing ball to and from Satu Mare.

Taking one for the team – CSM Satu Mare in action

Wandering Eye – Spot On A Map
What did I know about Satu Mare? That was the question I asked myself after placing it on the itinerary. My answer was not much. Satu Mare was a blind spot in my travels across Eastern Europe. I came close to it on numerous occasions, but I always tried to ignore it. There was good reason for that. Satu Mare was not on the way to anywhere I was going. I did not feel that it was worthy of a detour. In the Crisana region, Satu Mare was obscured by the sparkling gem of Oradea (Nagyvarad). It was also off the beaten path to Transylvania. The latter has such a magnetic attraction that it literally pulled me across Crisana without giving Satu Mare much thought. To be honest, if it was not so close to the Hungary-Romania border, I would probably never have noticed this mid-sized provincial city on the map. Satu Mare was a world within a world. My experience with Romania consists of Bucharest, Transylvania, Oradea, and Timisoara. Precisely in that order. Everything else is just a spot on a map denoted by various sizes of font. Satu Mare caught my eye because of its size. A detail that led my eye to wander its way. I did not think much else of it. And why would I?

Satu Mare does not have name recognition outside the region where it is located. Further confusing matters, another city an hour’s drive east of it goes by the somewhat similar name of Baia Mare. Telling one from the other, without visiting either, is difficult. Satu Mare would have been just a place on the upper left-hand corner of a Romanian map if not for a single memory. The kind of forgettable secondary interaction I have witnessed countless times while traveling. It baffles me that I can recall this one. Perhaps it was a bit of delayed destiny. I would like to think that every interaction has the potential for deeper meanings. That certain connections are waiting to be discovered. If not in the moment, then weeks, months, or even years later. There are innumerable interactions lodged deep in my memory that remain there until reactivated. I have no idea why some of these interactions come back to me, while others fade into oblivion. Maybe it has something to do with the intersection of memory and belief.

Hot shots – CSM Satu Mare

Keeping Score – For Love Of The Game
My lone experience with Satu Mare did not come in Romania, nor anywhere in Eastern Europe. Instead, it came in the Netherlands at the only place in that small, soggy, and prosperous country I have ever visited. A decade ago, I was waiting on a delayed flight from Schiphol Airport in Amsterdam back to the United States. This was the second of three flights on my journey home. The first leg had been an early morning flight from Budapest. On that flight, I noticed an athletic young African American woman wearing basketball gear. Like the other passengers she looked bleary eyed. Checking in at 6 a.m. can do that to anyone. We all had a long day ahead of us. With nothing else to do other than wait for a boarding call, passengers began to make idle chatter among themselves. The usual banal exercise to pass time. Airports are full of strangers either staring listlessly forward or engaging in talk therapy among themselves. Misery finds plenty of company during delayed departures. It is a sublime sort of meet and greet where you can hardly remember a person’s time within ten minutes of them telling it to you.

I was considering a conversation with the woman because I wondered if she played basketball professionally. My main interest was where she might have played college basketball in America. I grew up in the heart of college basketball in North Carolina’s Tobacco Road. Unfortunately, I did not speak up in time. A fellow passenger started talking with her first. Their conversation answered my question. When asked where she had been in Europe, the woman replied, “Satu Mare.” This elicited a predictable “Where’s that?” from her inquisitor.  It turned out that the women played professionally on a team in Satu Mare. I knew that basketball was popular in parts of Eastern Europe such as Lithuania and the Balkans but had no idea that women’s professional teams were in Romania. The woman was asked what she thought of Satu Mare. She replied that the city was nice and so were the people. She was heading back to America for a break. The same listlessness everyone waiting on the flight felt soon ended the conversation. 

Ernie Grunfeld – The shooting star of Satu Mare

Hoop Dreams – Starry Eyed Surprises
I did not envy the basketball player in her chosen profession. She had to travel far from home to earn a living. While the world of professional sports looks glamorous, the reality is very different for those who play professionally. Athletes spend an inordinate amount of time living out of suitcases and in strange places far from family and friends. The allure of travel wears off when you must do it for a living. Sport at its highest level takes such a high degree of dedication that professional athletes spend most of their time either practicing or resting. Her team, CSM Satu Mare, was just one more stop on that woman’s career ladder. She ended up being the first person I ever came across who had spent time in Satu Mare. I imagined it was not much of a basketball hub, but later research revealed an even deeper and more famous connection to the game.

Ernie Grunfeld, who starred at the University of Tennessee and played professionally for the New York Knicks, was born in Satu Mare to parents who survived the Holocaust. The family emigrated to the United States in 1964. Grunfeld’s basketball skills took him just as far. I can recall watching Grunfeld play during the 1980’s for the Knicks. He went on to have a long career as a professional basketball executive. I was astonished to discover he was from Satu Mare. A couple of basketball connections to the city were one of those improbable instances that feels like destiny. Strange things happen when you believe.

Click here for: Losing Proposition – A Sense of Dread In Satu Mare (The Lost Lands #10)

Breaking The Habit – A Satu Mare Story (The Lost Lands #8)

Habit is a powerful force, perhaps the greatest force that governs our lives. It has been said that humans are creatures of habit. That truth cannot be emphasized enough. Habit brings order to the chaos of a world that constantly threatens to upend our lives. It acts as a source of comfort and security. Familiarity sets us at ease. Do the same things, the same way long enough, and habit becomes second nature. Habit is something you can rely upon. Friends and family may come and go, but habit remains with us for as long as we adhere to it. Habits are so comforting that they are hard to break. I discovered this as I planned the next stop on my itinerary for the lost lands beyond the borders of Hungary. I was left with a choice, go to either Transylvania or into the unknown.

The railroad to Satu Mare (Credit: ticsung)

Easy Ways Out – Paths of Least Resistance
Travel should be the antithesis of habit. It is supposed to take us away from the dullness of our daily routines. Travel should help us get outside of ourselves and our self-contained worlds long enough to experience something exciting and new. Travel is supposed to be an adventure, not a repetition. And yet I know from experience how habits can influence travel. Waking up in a strange land, among unfamiliar surroundings, where I cannot speak more than a few words of a foreign language sends me fleeing back to the familiar. 

When I am fearful, a habit of taking the path of least resistance begins to govern my actions and decisions. While planning the itinerary, I found myself mentally falling back on habit not long after crossing the border into Romania. I began to veer towards a preexisting pattern. First, I would cross the border at Letavertes-Sacueni like I did six years ago, take a rural highway to Alend, then wind my way up and over King’s Pass into Transylvania. This route was identical to the one I had taken six years before. I was semi-consciously following my own footsteps. The route did not excite me, but it was familiar and safe.

Once in Transylvania, I would have familiar choices for my other destinations. Cluj, Sighisoara, Sibiu, and Targu Mures, all cities I had visited before. I thought each place would help me learn about the Treaty of Trianon’s legacy. On those initial visits I was not focused on Trianon. Now I would be, with the added benefit of understanding what travel to each city entailed. This could make a potentially difficult journey much easier. I was practicing the art of self-delusion. A return journey comforted rather than intrigued me. This reminded me of returning to where I grew up. The luster might have worn off, but I would find contentment. That is what I wanted to believe. I hardly ever go home because I outgrew it long ago. The familiar went from being fascinating to unfathomable. Everything looks the same and has somehow changed. The same would be true in Transylvania.

Still, I tried to convince myself otherwise. I told myself that Transylvania was the most obvious choice to investigate the lessons of Trianon. It was the largest region of the lands Hungary lost. Hungarians went misty eyed, got angry, or became sullen (sometimes all three) when talking about it. What would a journey in search of Trianon be without Transylvania? Counterintuitive and shocking. Both of those appealed to me. Impulsively, I turned away from Transylvania. It was like walking away from a beautiful bride at the altar. I felt powerful rather than powerless. By defeating the urge for Transylvania, I was ready for a real adventure. There was still one other mental barrier to overcome.

A distant figure – Statue in Satu Mare (Credit: Elek Szemes)

On The Contrary – Coming To Crisana
I have never cared much about what other people think, but my sudden turn away from Transylvania led me to believe that in the future I would be forced to justify this journey to others. Someone would ask me, “What did you think of Transylvania?” My reply would consist of a blank stare, averting the eyes, and muttering, “I did not go there.” That would be followed by a deep and penetrating silence from my interlocutor who would silently be saying to themselves, “Are you kidding me?” Going to Transylvania is like marrying a millionaire. You might end up regretting the relationship, but the memories will be worth it. Nevertheless, I pride myself on doing the opposite of what is expected. My mother has told me on numerous occasions that I enjoy being contrary. The idea of resuming my contrarian persona energized me. I wanted to break my habit and set myself free.

I now contemplated Crisana as my new destination in Romania. I had been there before, but never spent a single night in the Romanian part of the region which encompasses the northwestern part of the country. My experience in Crisana consisted of a day trip to Oradea, passing through Arad on the train, and traveling across the region to or from Transylvania. Crisana has been mostly a place on the way to somewhere else. It had never captured my imagination the way Transylvania did. This time I vowed to not let my less than enthralling previous experiences with Crisana stop me from going there. There was one place I longed to investigate there. The city of Satu Mare (Szatmárnémeti).

Icing on the cake – Dacia Hotel in Satu Mara (Credit: Roamata)

Relegation Zone – Sitting In The Corner
Satu Mare means “big village”.  Picking it over the land beyond the forest (the literal meaning of Transylvania) was not an auspicious beginning. I knew a great deal about Transylvania, I knew nothing other than some demographic statistics about Satu Mare before and after Trianon. At least this was something to go on. The city surely had much more to offer. Satu Mare’s relative anonymity is nothing new for places in Romania. Like everything else in the country (except for the capital Bucharest), if it is not in Transylvania, then foreign tourists do not go there. Satu Mare’s location does nothing to help it. The city’s location in the northwestern corner of Romania does nothing to help it. Satu Mare is a regional transport hub of great value to local and regional travelers. It is not a destination for tourists, but it just might be for travelers. I intend to find out.

Click here for: Following The Bouncing Ball – Rediscovering Satu Mare (The Lost Cities #9)

Standard Deviation – Demographic Discoveries In The Crisana (The Lost Lands #7)

I was never very good at math. I struggled with geometry, never made it past Algebra II, and recoiled at the thought of trigonometry. That is why I made sure my studies at university avoided any higher-level mathematics courses. Where I did excel was with statistics, but not the kind taught in school. I learned to love them at a very young age. One of my first memories as a child is learning to read by studying box scores in the sports section of newspapers.  This engendered a lifelong love of statistics. I find them very useful for making historical comparisons between peoples and countries, especially in Eastern Europe. Demographic statistics are a source of infinite fascination. One of the first things I did after beginning to travel in Eastern Europe was to study the demographics. Population numbers and the proportion of different ethnic groups can be extremely revealing. These numbers were one of the ways I first came to understand the Treaty of Trianon and its enduring legacy. 

Having it both ways – A sign at Satu Mare Railway Station (Credit: Waelsch)

Simple Minds – Following Along
I can think of very few things more exciting than trying to decide where to go next on a journey. Anticipation builds as I search for my next port of call. This act of travel can be summed up by that Dickensian title, “Great Expectations.” Answering the question, “Where to go next?” sends my imagination into overdrive. In such moments, anywhere seems possible. Nonetheless, choosing a place to go can be a daunting task. That is the case when it comes to visiting the lost lands beyond Hungary’s borders. The size of the area lost by Hungary due to Trianon was considerable. It feels like traveling in another country. In this case, six countries (Austria, Croatia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Ukraine). Many of these countries are not contiguous, making the logistics of travel more difficult. This is why I am planning an itinerary with maximum flexibility built into it.

Itineraries tend to take the adventure out of travel. The standard ones list the places, dates, and times for visits. In essence, they are a stop-by-stop guide providing up to the hour information about where and when a visit will occur. I have always found these types of itineraries to be restrictive. They confine the traveler to a specific time and place. On the first day, I will be here. On the next day, I will be there. Itineraries are a simplistic, yet helpful way of organizing a trip. They are a case where the destination matters more than the journey. When the traveler is constrained by time an itinerary is the best practice. When the traveler has more time than plans, an itinerary can prove detrimental to serendipity and spontaneity. The two things that adventurous travelers crave.

When I travel in Eastern Europe, I only have a rough idea of where and when I want to visit a particular place. I will book accommodation at my first and second destinations. After that, the journey takes on a life of its own. My itinerary for the lost lands has also begun to take on a life of its own. My destination after the Letavertes-Sacueni border crossing is unique because it can be reached from the comfort of an armchair. This allows me to examine one of the Treaty of Trianon’s most important legacies with a few keystrokes.

Language lessons – Trilingual sign on the Directorate for Agriculture and Food Industry in Satu Mare (Credit: Waelsch)

Numbers Game – Demography Is Destiny
Locating where I am going to on a map is only the starting point. A signpost that then points me to my ultimate destination, cyberspace. The digital rather than physical world is my next port of call. I am adding a stop to my itinerary for data analysis. This will help me grasp the effects of Trianon on ethnic groups in the lost lands. The cumulative weight of history can be measured by the demographic changes that occurred after Trianon. These changes are usually expressed in a macro format. For instance, by looking at the proportion of ethnic Hungarians in Romania prior to Trianon and then in the decades after it took effect leading right up to the present. Raw numbers can be revealing. Demographic data is fundamentally different from the usual measuring sticks for Trianon. Those mostly focus on high level political maneuvering and lead to questions like, “Did the treaty inadvertently lead to World War II? The answers are difficult to enumerate. Voting patterns can help provide some answers, but political history habitually focuses on leaders rather than the masses who felt Trianon’s upheaval most acutely.

There are other ways to measure Trianon’s legacy using hard data. Some statistics are more revealing than others. One of the most cited statistics is the amount of territory lost/gained by Hungary and nations such as Romania. This is an important figure, but it does not tell us much about the millions of people affected by Trianon. A better system of measurement involves demographics. The question that comes to mind is how many Hungarians were left in Transylvania, southern Slovakia, Vojvodina, or the Burgenland post-Trianon. Decade by decade the numbers show a progression that speaks volumes. Demography is said to be destiny. There is no better example than the lost lands post-Trianon. 

Descending order – Population of Satu Mare by ethnic composition

Descending Order – The Trianon Effect
Satu Mare is one of the larger cities in the Crisana region. Located a short distance from the Hungarian border in northwestern Romania, it is a city I have yet to visit. I am adding it to my itinerary both digitally and physically. The digital component consists of demographic data that provides a snapshot of the population’s ethnic composition from 1880 to the present. Starting in 1910, a decade before Trianon. Hungarians dominated the city. Satu Mare was 91% Hungarian and 6% Romanian. The aftermath of World War I when the Romanian Army occupies Satu Mare prior to Trianon results in an uptick of the Romanian share of the population to 15% in 1920. That increases to 28% by 1930, while the Hungarian percentage drops to 57%. Then comes the onset of World War II as Hungary regains control of northern Transylvania and parts of Crisana. The city’s ethnic composition reverts to where it was in 1910. This is the high tide of ethnic Hungarians in Satu Mare.

Then comes the cataclysm of the lost war and communism. By 1970, Hungarians have become a minority for the first time. This coincides with the rule of Nicolae Ceausescu, and his regime’s policies that relocate Romanians to urban areas. By the end of Ceausescu’s reign Romanians are still in the majority. Even in the relatively prosperous period since then, the percentage of Hungarians has slowly decreased. They either left for Hungary after the border reopened or for better economic opportunities in other parts of Europe. The numbers do not lie. Trianon’s effect on ethnic Hungarians in Satu Mare has been substantial. The history of Hungarian and Romanians in the city can be followed from a single chart. Analyzing these numbers is more than an exercise in demography, it is a lesson in history.

Click here for: Breaking The Habit – A Satu Mare Story (The Lost Lands #8)