You know your life is beyond bizarre when you are up at two a.m. studying articles from the Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye. This lapse into madness has been a long time coming. It all started thirty years ago in my high school library when I pulled the first volume of the Marshall Cavendish Encyclopedia of World War I. Since then, I have been on a journey to the remotest reaches of the war to end all wars. The war has never ended for me. There are so many fascinating aspects to it, that I find myself coming back for more. Studying the lesser-known aspects of the war has helped in the development of my travel itinerary for the lost lands beyond Hungary’s borders. There would be no lost lands to discover without the war and its chaotic aftermath.
The war was cause and consequence of the treaty making process which led to conflicts and controversies that continue up through the present. The war’s scale and profound influence on the future of Europe was so vast that even a work as thorough as the Marshall Cavendish Encyclopedia (12 volumes/3,628 pages) cannot cover it all. Plenty of important stories get left out. One of these is the destiny of Berehove’s ethnic Hungarian community. Its fate was decided in September 1919, nine months before the Treaty of Trianon was signed.
Facing the past – Lajos Kossuth bust in Berehove (Credit: ЯдвигаВереск)
The Wrong Side – Switched At Birth
My travels in the lost lands beyond Hungary’s borders center around the Treaty of Trianon which resulted in Hungary losing two-thirds of its land and sixty percent of the pre-World War I population. Trianon has been a rallying cry for disaffected Hungarians ever since the treaty was signed on June 4, 1920. I have heard so much about Trianon, that I identify all lands populated by ethnic Hungarians outside the borders of present-day Hungary with the treaty. To my surprise, Berehove, the largest town in Ukraine with an ethnic Hungarian majority and the surrounding region of Transcarpathia, were lost through another treaty. The negotiators were determined to dismember the lands that historically had been part of Hungary, even when it came through a different treaty than Trianon. Transcarpathia was given to the newly formed state of Czechoslovakia through the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye despite the region have very few Czechs and a minority of Slovaks.
Ethnic Hungarians, such as the ones in Berehove, found themselves outside the borders of Hungary. In Berehove’s case, the Hungarian border could be reached by train in a matter of minutes and on foot in less than an hour. This did not matter because those who lived in the town were now part of Czechoslovakia. Berehove’s large Hungarian speaking Jewish population found themselves in the same position. Proximity to the Hungarian border did not matter. Berehove was 850 kilometers from Prague, the capital of Czechoslovakia. The town was only 330 kilometers from Budapest. The lines drawn at the Paris Peace Conference did not make such distinctions. Transcarpathia is now part of Ukraine, but the connection between Berehove and Hungary continues today. Being on the wrong side of the border has served to reinforce this connection.
Dueling identities – Bilingual signage in Berehove (Credit: Mitte27)
Afterthought – A Forgotten Tragedy
Today, the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye is an afterthought. Its importance gets lost in the long shadow of the Treaty of Versailles. The most important aspects of the treaty included the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, Austria losing 60% percent of its prewar territory, and the creation of Czechoslovakia. Plenty of people are familiar with Czechoslovakia as a unifying force for Czechs and Slovaks. Often forgotten is its easternmost region, which it held from 1919 to 1938. Article 53 of the treaty granted the Carpathian Ruthenians autonomous status. Placing the land in which they resided under Czechoslovakia kept it away from Hungary. This marginalized the ethnic Hungarian population in the region. This did not sit well with them. The Hungarians of Transcarpathia were fortunate in at least one respect. The region would be governed by the most organized of the nations created in the aftermath of World War I. Czechoslovakia was a well-run democracy. That ended up not mattering with the rise of Nazism in Germany. Hungary would get the territory back in 1938 and then lose it again in 1944. These geopolitical machinations came at the expense of the region’s inhabitants. Berehove could not escape from a tragic fate.
Berehove is the proverbial small fish in a big sea. It is a mid-sized town that represents the ethnic Hungarian population in Ukraine. Berehove is a tenuous foothold that continues to slowly slip away as the population dwindles. For ethnic Hungarians, the demographics are dire in Transcarpathia. The last census in Ukraine took place in 2001. At that time, there were 150,000 Hungarians. The number is estimated to be just half that in 2024. There are several reasons for this. The Hungarian government began issuing passports to their ethnic kin in the region. These are an economic lifeline for those looking to earn a better living. Leaving the region for economic opportunity has become a rite of passage. The Ukraine-Russia war has only served to reinforce this trend. The population decline has occurred despite the Hungarian government providing 115 million euros ($125 million) in funding for education and cultural preservation in the region. Berehove has been the epicenter of those efforts. The financial support is being done to keep the Hungarian presence alive in Transcarpathia, a region where they have been for 1,100 years.
Monumental memory – Hungarian hero Ferenc Rakoczi II on horseback in Berehove
(Credit: Mitte27)
Taking Leave – Money Matters
Berehove’s ethnic Hungarian community is no stranger to tough times. That has been the case since 1919. The town’s ethnic Hungarians faced much worse in the past and managed to survive. The problem now is that there is very little growth potential for the population. The current Hungarian government’s policy is contradictory. They issue passports which act as an inducement for ethnic Hungarians to work abroad. At the same time, their spending is supposed to boost the Hungarian presence in the region. The government is not going to change its policies and those leaving are not likely to come back except for a visit. This further hollows out the population. Supporting Berehove is a worthy pursuit, but many ethnic Hungarians will not be around to enjoy it.
Coming soon: The Unavoidable War – Berehove’s Battle (The Lost Lands #17)